Acronym Definition
LWWL Last Writer Wins
LWWL Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe Lib
LWWL Low Water Waste Land
LWWL Large Working Load Limit
LWWL Large World Wide Lexicon
LWWL Light Wave Workload
LWWL Lending World Whole Life
LWWL Light Weight Wrestling Legend
LWWL Light Weight Wrestling Legend
Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two unarmed persons, in
which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of their
opponent.
Physical techniques which embody the style of wrestling are clinching, holding,
locking, and leverage. Avoiding potentially lethal techniques, wrestling has
aspects of ritual fighting, but its basic principles are closely related to
those of military hand-to-hand combat or self-defence systems. Many styles of
wrestling are known all over the world and have long histories, and sport
wrestling (particularly amateur wrestling) has been an Olympic sport for over
100 years.
History
Ancient
Jacob Wrestling with the Angel; illustration by Gustave Doré (1855)
Middle and Far East
The Epic of Gilgamesh in Sumerian literature features its hero Gilgamesh
establishing his credibility as a leader after wrestling Enkidu. Other
sculptures and literature from ancient Mesopotamia show that wrestling was held
in popularity.[1] One other early (probably circa 1500 BC) description of
wrestling appears in the Old Testament book of Genesis 32:22-32. The passage
depicts the patriarch Jacob wrestling with the Angel, for which Jacob was
subsequently renamed Israel. (Israel translates to "wrestles (or strives) with
God".)[2]
The Mahabharata, one of the major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, describes the
encounter between the accomplished wrestlers of Bhima and Jarasandha; "grasping
each other in various ways by means of their arms, and kicking each other with
such violence as to affect the innermost nerves, they struck at each other's
breasts with clenched fists. With bare arms as their only weapons roaring like
clouds they grasped and struck each other like two mad elephants encountering
each other with their trunks".[3] The popular folk wrestling style of India
performed on a mud surface called the akhara follows the Indian tradition.
Shuai Jiao, a wrestling style originating in China, is arguably the most ancient
of all Chinese martial arts, with a reported history of over 4,000 years. (The
date may be legendary, but wrestling was reportedly used by the Yellow Emperor
during his fight against the rebel Chih Yiu and his army in 2697 BC.) During
these matches, the combatants reportedly wore horned helmets that they used to
gore their opponents while using a primitive form of grappling. This early style
of combat was first called Jiao Ti (butting with horns). Throughout the
centuries, the hands and arms replaced the horns while the techniques increased
and improved. The name Jiao Ti also changed over time, both through common usage
and government decree.[4]
Mediterranean
The first documented evidence of wrestling in Egypt appeared circa 2300 BC, on
the tomb of the Old Kingdom philosopher Ptahhotep. During the period of the New
Kingdom (2000-1085 BC), additional Egyptian artwork (often on friezes), depicted
Egyptian and Nubian wrestlers competing. Carroll notes striking similarities
between these ancient depictions and those of the modern Nuba wrestlers.[5] On
the 406 wrestling pairs found in the Middle Kingdom tombs at Beni Hasan in the
Nile valley, nearly all of the techniques seen in modern freestyle wrestling
could be found.[6]
During the period of Ancient Greece (about 1100 to 146 BC), Greek wrestling was
a popular form of martial art in which points were awarded for pinning a
competitor by stretching the opponent prone to the ground or touching his back
to the ground, forcing a competitor to submit or by forcing a competitor out of
bounds (arena).[7] Three falls determined the winner. It was at least featured
as a sport since the eighteenth Olympiad in 704 BC. Wrestling is described in
the earliest celebrated works of Greek literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey.[8]
Wrestlers were also depicted in action on many vases, sculptures, and coins, as
well as in other literature. Other cultures featured wrestling at royal or
religious celebrations, but the ancient Greeks structured their style of
wrestling as part of a touranment where a single winner emerged from a pool of
competitors.[6] Greek mythology celebrates the rise of Zeus as ruler of the
earth after a wrestling match with his father, Cronus. Both Heracles and Theseus
were famous for their wrestling against man and beast. Late Greek tradition also
stated that Plato was known for wrestling in the Isthmian games.[9]
This continued into the Hellenistic period. Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III of Egypt
were both depicted in art as victorious wrestlers. After the Roman conquest of
the Greeks, Greek wrestling was absorbed by the Roman culture and became Roman
wrestling during the period of the Roman Empire (510 BC to AD 500).[citation
needed] Arabic literature depicted Muhammad as a skilled wrestler, defeating a
skeptic in a match at one point. By the eighth century, the Byzantine emperor
Basil I, according to court historians, won in wrestling against a boastful
wrestler from Bulgaria.[9]
Middle Ages
In 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold pageant, Francis I of France threw
Henry VIII of England in a wrestling match.[9] In Henry VIII's kingdom, folk
wrestling in many places was widely popular and had a long history. In
particular, the Lancashire style may have formed the basis for Catch wrestling
also known as "catch as catch can." The Scots later formed a variant of this
style, and the Irish developed the "collar-and-elbow" style which later found
its way into the United States.[10] The French developed the modern Greco-Roman
style which was finalized by the 19th century and by then, wrestling was
featured in many fairs and festivals.[11]
Modern
Because of that and the rise of gymnasiums and athletic clubs, Greco-Roman
wrestling and modern freestyle wrestling were soon regulated in formal
competitions. On continental Europe, prize money was offered in large sums to
the winners of Greco-Roman tournaments, and freestyle wrestling spread rapidly
in the British Isles and in the United States after the American Civil War.
Professional wrestling soon increased the popularity of Greco-Roman and
freestyle wrestling around the world with such competitors as Georg
Hackenschmidt, Kara Ahmed, Paul Pons, Stanislaus Zbyszko, William Muldoon, and
Frank Gotch.[10][12] When the Olympic games resurfaced at Athens in 1896,
Greco-Roman wrestling was introduced for the first time. After not being
featured in the 1900 Olympics, sport wrestling was seen again in 1904 in St.
Louis; this time in freestyle competition. Since then, Greco-Roman and freestyle
wrestling have both been featured, with women's freestyle added in the Summer
Olympics of 2004. Since 1921, the International Federation of Associated
Wrestling Styles (FILA) has regulated amateur wrestling as an athletic
discipline, while professional wrestling has largely become infused with
theatrics.[10]
Etymology
Look up Wrestling, Grappling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The term
wrestling is an Old English word that originated some time before 1100 A.D. It
is perhaps the oldest word still in use in the English language to describe
hand-to-hand combat.[13] The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines wrestling
as 'a sport or contest in which two unarmed individuals struggle hand-to-hand
with each attempting to subdue or unbalance the other'.[14]
Roget's New Millennium Thesaurus does not support the usage of 'wrestling'
(noun) and 'grappling' (noun) as synonymous.[15]
International disciplines (Non-Folk Styles)
Wrestling disciplines defined by FILA, are broken down into two categories;
International wrestling disciplines and folk wrestling disciplines. According to
the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles, there are five
current International wrestling disciplines acknowledged throughout the world.
They are Greco-Roman Wrestling, Freestyle Wrestling, Grappling,Beach wrestling
and Sambo.[16]
A Greco-Roman wrestling match in the United States
Greco-Roman
Greco-Roman wrestling
Greco-Roman is an international discipline and an Olympic sport. "In Greco-Roman
style, it is forbidden to hold the opponent below the belt, to make trips, and
to actively use the legs in the execution of any action." Recent rule changes in
Greco-Roman increase opportunities for and place greater emphasis on explosive,
'high amplitude' throws. One of the most well known Greco-Roman wrestlers from
the United States is Rulon Gardner.[17]
Freestyle
Freestyle wrestling
Freestyle wrestling is an international discipline and an Olympic sport. "In
free style, it is allowed to hold the legs of the opponent, to make trips and to
actively use legs on the execution of any action."[18] It is thought to have
originated from English catch wrestling, and is currently the international
style in which women participate in competition.
Grappling
Submission Wrestling
"Grappling is a wrestling style also called submission wrestling or “submission
grappling” which consists of controlling the opponent without using striking, in
standing position or on the ground after a throw, and to make him or her abandon
thanks to immobilisation techniques such as locks. Grappling plays an important
role in the practice of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and can be used as a self-defence
technique. It brings together techniques from Freestyle Wrestling, Brazilian
jiu-jitsu, folk American wrestling (catch-as-catch-can), sambo and judo.".[19]
Grappling is also used to describe the skills used in mixed martial arts
competitions, differing from the FILA definition.
Female wrestling
Beach wrestling
Apparently in a bid to give wrestling greater appeal to television audiences,
FILA adopted beach wrestling as an official discipline during 2004-2005. Beach
wrestling is standing wrestling done by wrestlers, male or female, inside a
sand-filled circle measuring 6 meters in diameter. There are only two weight
categories, heavy and light. The objective is to throw your opponent or take
your opponent to his or her back. The wrestlers wear swimsuits rather than
special wrestling uniforms. Wrestlers may also wear spandex or athletic
shorts.[20][21]
Sambo
Sambo (martial art)
Sambo is a martial art that originated in the Soviet Union (particular Russia)
in the 20th century. It is an acronym for "self-defence without weapons" in
Russian and had its origins in the Soviet armed forces. Its influences are
varied, with techniques borrowed from sports ranging from the two international
styles of Greco-Roman and freestyle to boxing, judo, jujitsu, European styles of
folk wrestling, and even fencing. The rules for sport sambo are similar to those
allowed in competitive judo, with a variety of leglocks and with over 5,000
defense holds from the various national wrestling styles in the Soviet Union,
while not allowing chokeholds.[22]
Folk Style Disciplines
Folk wrestling
Burumbators on the traditional Nadam festival in Mongolia, near Ulanbataar
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners working in a half guard
Khuresh (Tuvan wrestling)
Yağlı güreş (Turkish oil wrestling) tournament in IstanbulThere are almost as
many folk wrestling styles as there are national traditions, because folk
wrestling describes a traditional form of wrestling unique to a culture or
geographic region of the world. Folk wrestling styles are not recognized by FILA
internationally. The following list provides examples of wrestling systems that
fall into this category.
Discipline Origin
Mallayuddha, Pehlwani India
Pahlavani Iran
Böke Mongolia
Catch wrestling United Kingdom
Sambo Russia
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Brazil
Collegiate Wrestling United States
Glima Iceland
Gouren France
Khuresh Mongolia
Lucha Canaria Spain
Lucha Leonesa Spain
Luta Livre Brazil
Schwingen Switzerland
Shoot wrestling Japan
Shuai jiao China
Ssireum Korea
Submission Wrestling Greece
Sumo Japan
Yağlı güreş Turkey
Collegiate wrestling
Collegiate wrestling
Two high school students competing in collegiate wrestling.Collegiate wrestling
(sometimes known as scholastic wrestling or folkstyle wrestling) is the commonly
used name of wrestling practiced at the college and university level in the
United States. A very similar style is practiced at the high school and middle
school levels, and also for younger participants. The term is used to
distinguish the styles of wrestling used in other parts of the world, and for
those of the Olympic Games: Greco-Roman wrestling, and Freestyle wrestling.
There are currently several organizations which oversee collegiate wrestling
competition: Divisions I, II, and III, of the NCAA, NJCAA, NAIA, and the NCWA.
Division I of the NCAA is considered the most prestigious and challenging level
of competition. A school chooses which organization to join, although it may
compete against teams from other levels and organizations during regular-season
competition. The collegiate season starts in November and culminates with the
NCAA tournament held in March.
Professional wrestling
Modern professional wrestling is referred to as 'Sports entertainment'. While it
features undeniable feats of athleticism, matches are, unlike other forms of
wrestling, mostly staged. Performers mostly utilized traditional wrestling holds
early in its history during the 70's, 80's and 90's, while introducing some
newly invented moves. Professional wrestling also involves feuds, angles and
storylines, which creates wide promotional attention for big events held at
large venues like Madison Square Garden.
As a martial art
Wrestling has gained respect among martial arts practitioners, especially with
the advent of mixed martial arts competition.[23] Early competitions (e.g. UFC
5, 6, 8, 9, 12 ) saw wrestlers defeat stylists from more traditional,
striking-oriented styles such as karate and kickboxing. Randy Couture (UFC
heavyweight champion) and Dan Henderson (current PRIDE champion in the 183
division and formerly 205 pound division champion) both competed extensively in
collegiate and Greco-Roman wrestling before beginning their careers in mixed
martial arts. Other fighters coming from olympic wrestling include: Matt
Lindland, Matt Hughes, Sean Sherk, Urijah Faber, Tyson Griffin, Clay Guida,
Kevin Randleman, Mark Kerr, Don Frye, Dan Severn, Mark Coleman, Bryan Vettel,
Tito Ortiz, Quinton Jackson, Rashad Evans, Jeff Monson, Matt Horwich, Norifumi
"Kid" Yamamoto, Brock Lesnar, Gray Maynard, Matt Hamill, Benji Radach, Gerald
Harris, Antonio McKee, Vladimir Matyushenko, Ryan Schultz, Aaron Stark, Devin
Cole, Brent Beauparlant, Mike Whitehead, Antoine Jaoude, Adam Maciejewski, Roy
Nelson, Dan Molina, Reese Andy, Shad Lierley, Mark Schultz, Brandon Vera, Melvin
Guillard, Josh Koscheck, Renato Sobral and others.
Many other prominent and successful fighters began their training in various
forms of wrestling, and fighters from non-wrestling backgrounds often pursue
wrestling training to complement their other skills.
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